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Sexual Reproduction for Same Sex Couples?
Photo by: zoomzoom2
One of the common arguments against gay marriage goes something like this: marriage is an institution that is meant to support reproduction, and same-sex couples can’t sexually reproduce. Full disclosure: I support gay marriage. However, regardless of my opinion, this entry will help debunk this specific argument. More importantly, I will outline three important discoveries that will one day allow same sex couples to have biological children that are purely made from their genes.
反对同性婚姻的一个常用论据是：婚姻为了人类繁衍供给撑持的轨制，而同业朋友不克不及繁育后代。预先廓清一下：我撑持同性婚姻。然而，不管我本身的看点是什么，本文都有助于拆穿那个论证。更重要的是，我要概述三项重要的发现，有朝一日，那些发现将容许同性朋友生育出拥有他们两人的基因的亲生子女。
The definition of sexual reproduction needs to be clarified here. According to Wikipedia, sexual reproduction passes “a combination of genetic material to offspring, resulting in diversity.” I’m going to clarify: sexual reproduction is when the DNA of the two parental units, through the process of meiosis (formation of a gamete) and the process of fertilization, each contribute to ~50% of the genes of the resulting offspring.
起首必需廓清有性生殖的概念。根据维基百科，有性生殖将“亲代基因物量的组合”传递给子代，从而招致了多样性。我要廓清一下：有性生殖是指亲代两边的DNA，通过减数团结和受精过程，对子代基因各奉献50%。
Now let’s go through some basic stem cell science (read: skip this paragraph if you know the basics). Stem cells are characterized by two abilities: self-renewal and potency. Self-renewal describes their ability to divide indefinitely. Potency refers to the fact that stem cells can “differentiate” into different types of specialized cells. Adult stem cells are generally “multipotent” which means they can differentiate into a few cell types. Embryonic stem cells are “pluripotent” which means they can become any type of cell in the body. This is the reason that embryonic stem cells are so interesting: pluripotency. Pluripotent stem cells are a necessity for same-sex couples to reproduce. Now that we’ve covered some basics, we’ll move on to the three important breakthroughs that will make same sex reproduction possible:
如今让我们从根本的干细胞科学起头（假设你已经晓得那些根底常识就请跳过那一段）。干细胞的特定是它有两种才能：能够自我复造和多标的目的分化潜能。自我复造是指干细胞能够无限朋分。多标的目的分化潜能是指它能够分化中各类特定的细胞。成人干细胞都是“多能”的，那是说它能够分化成某一些类此外细胞。胚胎干细胞是“万能的”，它们能够分化成体内任何品种的细胞。那就是为什么胚胎干细胞让我们如斯感兴致：万能。万能干细胞关于同性朋友的生育是必不成少的。说完了根底常识，如今让我们陆续说说让同性繁育成为可能的三个重要的打破：
1. Cellular reprogramming: the creation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
One source of pluripotent stem cells is the inner cell mass of a developing embryo – embryonic stem cells. However, a technique known as “cellular reprogramming” allows a pluripotent stem cell to be created from a mature adult skin cell after being treated with a number of transcription factors. These cells have been dubbed “induced pluripotent stem cells” or iPSCs. They are nearly identical to embryonic stem cells. More importantly, they are genetically identical to the person who donated the skin cells. This makes the cells “individualized” pluripotent stem cells. These cells can be used to form any type of tissue in the body.
1.细胞再编程：造造出诱导万能干细胞
万能干细胞的一个来源是胚胎发育成囊胚时的内细胞团——胚胎干细胞。但是，一种喊做“细胞重组”的手艺能让我们用成年人的皮肤细胞，颠末许多转录因子的处置，创造出万能干细胞。那些细胞被喊做诱导万能干细胞（iPSC）。它们和胚胎干细胞根本一样。更重要的是，它们同阿谁奉献皮肤细胞的人的细胞完全一样。因而那些细胞是完全小我化的万能干细胞，它们能够用来构成人体的各类组织。
2. Creation of Oocytes (eggs) from pluripotent stem cells
Pluripotent stem cells can be directed to “differentiate” into any type of cell in the body. It was reported in 2003 that scientists successfully directed mouse pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into mouse oocytes. What this means is that a skin cell can be taken from any person (male included) reprogrammed into an iPSC, and then the iPSC can be differentiated into an egg cell. This is the discovery that can help two men have a child together.
2.用万能干细胞造造出卵子
万能干细胞能够被定向分化成人体的各类细胞。2003年就有报导说科学家已经胜利的让老鼠的万能干细胞定向发育成老鼠卵子。那意味着能够任何人的皮肤细胞（包罗男性），再编程酿成iPSC，然后iPSC再定向分化为卵细胞。那就是能搀扶帮助两个男性一路生育后代的发现。
3. Creation of Sperm from pluripotent stem cells
The same exact logic from eggs can be applied to sperm. Scientists have recently demonstrated the ability to form spermfrom embryonic stem cells. While the team has warned that this science will not be used for fertility treatment, the creation of sperm still has ramifications beyond infertility research. For the purpose of same-sex reproduction, the creation of sperm in vitro can one day help two women have a child together.
3.用万能干细胞造造出精子。
造造卵子的逻辑能够完全一样的用到精子上来。科学家比来已经证明胚胎干细胞发育成精子的才能。固然该团队警告说那一科学发现不会被用来做生育医治，但造造精子仍是有不育研究之外的利用可能。关于同性生育的目标，造造精子的手艺有朝一日能搀扶帮助两个女人一路生育后代。
Application of these discoveries towards same-sex reproduction:
These three techniques, once perfected will lead to the ability for male/male and female/female couples to have biologicalchildren, children who are a combination of their own genes. The creation of eggs from pluripotent stem cells is important for male/male couples, and the creation of sperm from pluripotent stem cells is important for female/female couples. Below, I will walk step-by-step through the scenarios for male/male and female/female couples.
将那些发现利用到同性生育上：
那三项手艺，一旦完美将能让男/男和女/女的朋友们都能拥有他们两边基因组合的后代。从万能干细胞造造卵子关于男男朋友，造造精子关于女女朋友，都至关重要。下面我将一步步阐明向同性朋友们阐明所需步调。
Sexual Reproduction for Gay Couples:
For a gay couple, one man needs to be designated as the father (the one who donates the sperm), and the other as the mother (the one who donates the egg). The “father” in this case can just donate sperm the normal way…no hardcore science is really involved. The “mother,” however, needs to employ the reprogramming and differentiation techniques discussed above. Specifically, this man needs to donate skin cells. These cells must be reprogrammed into iPSCs, and the iPSCs must then be differentiated into eggs (this process is shown to the right). Once the eggs are created, they can be mixed with the sperm from the “father” to create an embryo from two men.
同性恋情侣的有性生殖：
对一对 同性恋朋友，此中一名男性需要充任父亲（奉献出精子），另一方充任母亲（奉献出卵子）。“父亲”能够按凡是的办法奉献出精子...不需要什么科学。“母亲”就需要用到上面议论的重组与分化的手艺了。特殊阐明，他需要奉献的是皮肤细胞。那些细胞需要重构成iPSC，然后再分化成卵细胞（如图）。一旦造造出卵细胞，就能够把它和“父亲”的精子混在一路在造造出那两个男性的胚胎。
There are a few things to be aware of. First of all, the “mother” is also responsible for donating the mitochondrial DNA, which means that the man who opts to create the egg will also be donating the mitochondrial DNA. Another issue is that men carry an X and a Y chromosome. This means that there is a 50% chance that any gametes (sperm or egg) created from a man will have a Y chromosome. The egg must not have a Y chromosome because it might result in an embryo with two Y chromosomes, which would not survive. Finally, men still cannot carry children (I’m talking about biological men (XY), despite what you may have heard in the summer of 2008), so the embryos created from the two men will have to be implanted into a surrogate mother to deliver the baby.
有几件事需要弄清晰。起首，“母亲”也负责奉献线粒体DNA。第二，汉子有X和Y染色体，因而50%时机产生Y染色体配子（精子或卵子），卵子不克不及有Y染色体，因为如许可能招致胚胎有两个Y染色体而无法存活。最初，汉子不克不及怀小孩（我说的是生物学上的汉子（XY），跟你们2008年炎天传闻的工作无关），所以两个汉子造造出的胚胎必需植进代孕母亲的子宫。
Sexual Reproduction for Lesbian Couples:
For lesbian couples, there are fewer caveats to be aware of. Once again, one woman must be the “mother” by donating the egg while the other plays the role of the “father” by donating the sperm. The mother can donate the eggs just as a woman normally does through reproductive endocrinology in an in vitro fertilization setting. The “father” must utilize the reprogramming and differentiation techniques described above to produce the sperm (as summarized in the accompanying picture).
拉拉情侣的有性生殖：
关于拉拉情侣，有几点警告要重视。再次反复：一个女人要充任“母亲”奉献卵子，另一小我妖奉献精子充任“父亲”。母亲能够用女人试管婴儿的办法来取卵子，“父亲”操纵上面说的重组和分化的手艺产生精子（如图）。
译注： 拉拉情侣 ，女同性恋，英文Lesbian，简称LES。 LES有良多是生成的，她们只能和汉子做伴侣，无法产生爱及性欲 。 但有些喜欢女人，但也有可能喜欢上汉子，那些人是双性恋 。 有些人一见汉子就严重恐惧，无法扳谈，更别提爱情，所以当她们需要爱时，只要往找女人。那喊恐男症（非学名， 与之响应的有恐女症），是能够医治的 。 心理上的，好比受过创伤，或情况影响，那类的，也是能够改动的。最初，有一类较特殊：那些被汉子甩了，就说本身要当LES，再也不爱汉子的，只是在遁藏现实，也能够说是心理反常（与上面"心理上的"差别）
Either member of this couple is capable of carrying the embryo (or embryos). If they opt to both carry embryos at the same time, I would go so far to say that the children can be considered fraternal twins. There is one important caveat that the women must be aware of: they cannot have a son. Women only carry XX chromosomes, and neither of them are capable of donating the Y chromosome necessary for male development. For this reason, lesbian couples are only capable of having biological daughters.
那对情侣在的每一位都能够怀小孩。假设她们抉择两人一路同时怀小孩，我还想走得更远点来断言两个孩子能够被认为是双胞胎。有一个重要的问题要警告拉拉情侣：她们无法生儿子。女儿只要XX染色体，两人都无法奉献Y染色体。因而，拉拉情侣只能生女儿。
Politics, Ethics, and the Like…
The application of technology towards same-sex reproduction, in my eyes, is an advancement for both gay marriage and science. Scientifically, we are learning more about child development every year, and it will allow us to bring more healthy children into the world. For same-sex couples, the once impossible concept of a biological child is now a real possibility.
While I cannot see any ethical arguments against this type of procedure, I am open to a discussion about how far this may be pushing the envelope. In any case, I am still amazed every time I think about how far we have come with the ability to help people through science.
政治、伦理及其他
同性生育手艺的利用在我眼里对同性婚姻和科学都是一种朝上进步。科学上，我们可以愈加领会于儿童发育，那能让我们有更多的安康儿童。对同性朋友，生育亲生子女如今从一个概念酿成了实在存在的可能。
我看不到有任何伦理学论据可以反对那种过程。我对它可以走多元的议论连结开放。每次当我想起我们可以用科学搀扶帮助人们几，我都倍感惊异。